footpath shop

;d:of / b'3{6gf lgDTofpb} k'm6kfy] k;n

hLjg zdf{

afnfh'l:yt gofF a;kfs{df cfsfz] k'n aGg kfPsf] 5}g k'm6kfydf k;n yfk]/ lx8\g] af6f] g} 5}g . lx8\bf ;fdfg 5f]Oof] eg] plQs} gld7f] ufnL kfOG5 . lji0f'dlt k'nsf] k''m6kfy t pgLx¿sf] k"vf}{nL latf{ hlQs} 5 . ToxfF t pgLx¿sf] Ps5q /fh 5 . afnfh'sf] tNnf] lji0f'dlt k'ndf klg plQs} k'm6kfy] k;nx¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ . ev{/} zx/L ljsf;n] df5fkf]v/L afOkf;;Dd ^ n]gsf] af6f] agfof] t/ ;jf/Lsf ;fwg lx8\gnfO{ ! n]g dfq} vfnL x'G5 eg] k}bn ofqLsf nflu agfOPsf] k'm6kfy t k}bn ofqLsf kfOnf kg{ 7fpF g} 5}g . ToxfF dfq xf]Og /Tgkfs{, k'/fgf] a;kfs{, c;g OGb|rf]s, lj/ c:ktfn cufl8 k5fl8, ;'Gwf/f, PgP;L, sf]6]Zj/ htftt} lgjf{w ?kdf k'm6kfydf k;nx¿ yflkPsf x'G5g\ . h;sf sf/0f k}bn ofqL / ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿n] lgs} 7"nf] hf]lvd p7fP/ lx8\g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . sf7df08f}+ pkTosfsf zx/x¿ dfq xf]Og b]zsf ljleGg k|d'v zx/x¿df klg p:t} ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfh cfP/ of] ;d:of /fli6«o ;d:ofsf ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 .

Psflt/ of] ;d:ofsf ?kdf b\lvb} cfPsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ jfWotfsf ?kdf klg b]lvb} cfPsf] 5 . k'm6kfydf k;n rnfP/ eP klg zx/df ;+3if{ u/]/ hLjg rnfpg' kg]{ afWotf klg p:t} 5 . zx/L If]qsf ;6/x¿sf] rsf]{ ef8f / csf]{lt/ sd k"FhLsf sf/0f Joj;foLsf] /f]hfO zx/L If]qsf a9L le8ef8x¿ gh/df k5{g\ . k'm6kfy] k;nx¿df klg %) k|ltzt Joj;foLx¿sf] cj:yf ;8sb]lv ;6/;Dd k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvb}g . afFsL %) k|ltzt Joj;foLx¿sf] rfFxL k};f a9L sdfpg] dxTjsf+Iffsf sf/0f ;8sx¿ Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u eO/x]sf 5g\ .

k'm6kfydf a;]/} eP klg cfTdlge{/ aGg] b[9 OR5f zlQmsf sf/0f ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿ klg Joj;foL aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 , Psf kIfaf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] of] Pp6f /fd|f] kIf xf] . csf]{ kIfaf6 x]bf{ /fHosf nflu ;d:of / r'gf}lt b'j} xf] . /fHon] o:tf JolQmnfO{ s] ug{ ;S5 < ;/sf/L kIf;Fu o; af/]df s] b[li6sf]0f 5 < slxn] logLx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt u5{ < oL k|Zgx¿ Klg b]lvPsf 5g\ .

k'm6kfy] Joj;foLx¿nfO{ gu/kflnsfn] s'g} lglZrt sfg"g agfP/ To;sf] bfo/fdf /fVg ;s]sf] 5}g . gu/kflnsfsf] cfFvfdf k/]sf s]xL :yfgx¿df lgu/fgL t u5{ t/ k"/} vfnL u/fpg ;Sb}g . gu/kflnsfsf] df]jfOn 6f]nLn] ;fdfgx¿ hkmt u/]/ t n}hfG5 t/ pgLx¿ ToxfFaf6 lx8\g gkfO{ tL Joj;foLx¿n] cfk"m;Fu e08f/df /x]sf ;fdfgx¿ NofP/ k'gM k'm6kfy e5{g\ . gu/kflnsfn] nu]sf] ;fdfg !% lbg kl5 !))) !%)) lt/]/ km]l/ Nofp5g\ . tL ;fdfgsf] Jofkf/L :yfg km]l/ ToxL k'm6kfy aG5 .

;/sf/n] s]xL !% aif{ cufl8 v'Nnfd~rsf km'6kfy] Jofkf/LnfO{ e[s'6Ld08kdf NofP/ yGsfof] . t/ clxn] v'Nnfd~r el/;lsPsf] 5 . ToxfF lagf ef8fsf nfvf}+ a/fa/sf k;nx¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ . h;sf sf/0f ;6/df tyf dxndf Jofkf/ ug]{sf] cfwf eGbf a9L Jofkf/ 36fPsf 5g\ . d"Nodf s'g} lglZrttf gx'g', ;f]emf u|fxsnfO{ sd;n a:t'x¿sf] kfP hlQ 7Ug', u'0f:t/lxg ;fdfgnfO{ ;SsnL ;fdfg eg]/ laqmL ug'{ cflbsf sf/0f cfd pkef]Qmfx¿ o:tf k;naf6 k|ToIf 7lub} klg cfPsf 5g\ . v'Nnfd~rdf Jofkf/ ug]{x¿sf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf] b]lvb}g . t/ ToxL v'Nnfd~r / /Tgkfs{df abfd, kfgL, r6k6] nufotsf k;n rnfpg]x¿sf] ;+Vof klg sldsf] 5}g . ToxfF !))) eGbf a9L JolQmx¿n] o:tf k;nx¿ ;~rfng ub{} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . hDdfhDdL /Tgkfs{ v'Nnfd~rdf v'Nnf Jofkf/ ub}{ cfpg]sf] ;+Vof %))) eGbf a9L b]lvG5 . x'g\ t %))) JolQmx¿sf] kl/jf/nfO{ tL If]qn] kx'Fro'Qm cj:yfdf :yflkt t u/fPsf] 5 ;Fu} ltg} 7fpFdf a9\b} uPsf] of}g lqmofsnfk / ;fj/L b'3{6gfdf a9\bf] ;+Vof ;/sf/, k|x/L, 6flkms tyf cfd ;d'bfosf nflu 6fpsf] b'vfOsf ljifox¿ ag]sf 5g\ .

s]xL jif{ cufl8 ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu e[s'6Ld08kdf 5'6\6} ahf/sf] Joj:yfkg ul/lbg] ;/sf/L sj'n klg nfjfl/; ag]sf] 5 . sd;]sd ;/sf/n] c?nfO{ geP klg ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu v'Nnf ahf/sf] Joj:yf ul/lbP ;dfh / /fi6sf nflu Pp6f /fd|f] gd"gf klg aGg] lyof] / ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿n] klg cfTd;Ddfgsf ;fy cfkm\gf] /f]hL/f]6Lsf] d];f] ldnfpg] lyP . t/ Tof] ;/sf/L of]hgf klg cnkq] cj:yfdf /xg' / ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] le8 klg ltg} km'6kfyx¿df kg'{n] ;/sf/ yk hl6ntf lt/ uO/x]sf] 5 . /fhwfgLsf k'm6kfy k;nnfO{ ;xL 7fpFdf :yfgfGt/ ug{ g;s];Dd ;/sf/L cfodf klg plQs} sld x'g] b]lvG5 . zx/L If]qdf a9\b} uPsf uugr'DaL dnx¿sf] ;+Vof lbgsf lbg a9\b} uP klg ToxfF Jofkfl/s ultljlw ;+s6df kb}{ uO/x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o cfosf] kIfaf6 x]bf{ k'm6kfy] k;n eGbf dnsf k;nx¿ a9L kmfObfhgs x'G5g\ . dnaf6 ;/sf/n] cfos/ / ejgs/ p7fp5 . h;n] s]xL dfqdf eP klg /fli6«o cfodf jl4 u5{ . t/ k'm6kfydf ;~rflnt k;nx¿n] gt cfos/ g} lt5{g\ gt :yfgz'Ns g} lt5{g\ . dndf j[l4 x'Fb} uP klg cGttM ltgLx¿sf] Jofkf/df lu/fj6 cfP kl5 ;/sf/L tyf gLlh a}+sx¿ yk ;+s6df k5{g\ . To:tf dnx¿ a}+ssf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ .

g]kfnLx¿sf] cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f ;:tf] ahf/x¿sf] cfjZostf t b]lvG5 t/ To:tf v'b|f tyf k'm6kfy k;n klg ;:tf] aGg ;s]sf 5}gg . hlt ;Sof] plQ 7Ug] k|j[lQsf sf/0f cfd ;j{;fwf/0f pkef]Qmfsf nflu To:tf k;n sfunfO{ a]n kfSof] xif{ g lj:dft ePsf 5g\ . w]/} nufgLdf klg k'm6kfydf k;n ;~rfng u/]/ w]/} :yffg cf]u6\g' / ltg} Jokf/Lx¿sf] rsf]{ ufnL vfFb} lx8\g' kg]{ k}bn ofqL tyf ;jf/L rfnssf] cj:yf lgs} gfh's aGb} uPsf] 5 . o:tf k;n / ;8s v'Drfpb} ;~rfngdf cfPsf o:tf k;nx¿n] afnfh'sf ;8sx¿df b}lgs @ b]lv # j6f ;8s b'3{6gf eO/x]sf 5g\ . 6flkmsnfO{ o:tf k;nx¿n] ;jf/L dfu{ k|z:t ug{ lgs} xDd] xDd] kl//x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf k;n]nfO{ /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] ;d]t ;+/If0f /x]sf] x'Fbf xDd];L 6«flkms k|x/Ln] x6fpg} ;Sb}g pN6} p;n] vKkL vfg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . k;n x6fPsf] s]xL ldg]6d} /+lug em08f xNnfpb} d'bf{jfbsf gf/f nufP/ af6} cj?4 ug{ yfn] kl5 6«flkms k|x/Ln] klg s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g .

k'm6kfy k;n ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf t kSs} 5 . t/ jfWotf 5 eGb}df a9L le8 x'g] 7fpFdf emg le8 ug'{ / /fli6«o lgod sfg"gnfO{ kfngf g} gug'{ emg 7"nf] ;fdflhs ck/fw xf] . o; ljifodf v'b|f k;nn] klg ;f]Rg' kg]{ g} xf] . ;/sf/df a;]sf] rfx] h'g;'s} kf6L{ lsg gxf];\ cyf{t k'm6kfy k;n, af6f] cf]u6\g], ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of h:tf ljifox¿df b]zdf ljBdfg /fhgLlt ub}{ cfPsf ;a} kf6L{x¿sf] ;dfg wf/0ff geP;Dd of] ;d:of h:tfsf] t:t} /xG5 . sd;]sd ;a} kf6L{sf] Pp6f wf/0ff / gLlt x'g' xf] eg] / ;/sf/L sfdnfO{ ;a} kf6L{n] ;sf/fTds eP/ ;xof]u ul/lbg] xf] eg] of] ;d:ofsf] lgsf; 6f9f 5}g . ;/sf/df /xg] kf6L{n] klg b'O{ lha|] gLlt lnPsf] x'G5 . otf ;/sf/ s8f lgod t NofP h:tf] u5{ t/ p;s} eft[;+u7gx¿ To;nfO{ ljkmn kfg{ plQs} ;lqmo /xG5g\ . h;sf sf/0f of] ;d:of Ho'Fsf]To'F /lx/xG5 .

oL ;d:of /fi6«, ;d'bfo, ;dfh, cfd gful/s, k|x/L /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf ;dfg ;d:ofx¿ x'g\ . ;/sf/L gLltnfO{ ;a}n] uDeLtfk"j{s kfngf ug]{ xf] oL ;d:ofaf6 d'lQm kfpg ;/n x'g]5 . t/ TolQs} hl6n klg 5 /fhg}lts kf6L{n] To;}nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ slyt qmflGtsf] ;kgf gTofu];Dd . xfd|f ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df a9\b}uO/x]sf] x:tIf]k / zx/L If]qdf a:b} cfPsf clQ ljkGg JolQmx¿sf] klxrfgdf ;a}sf] ;dfg ;lqmotf /xg] xf] eg] /fli6«o cfonfO{ klg ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{ eg] oL ;d:ofx¿af6 klg /fi6n] d'lQm kfp5 . t/ Pp6f s'6] h:tf] ug]{ csf]{n] /f]P h:tf] ug]{ g]kfnL k|j[lQsf] cGTo geP;Dd b]zn] lgsf; kfpg} ;Sb}g . h;sf sf/0f Psflt/ /fHon] c/jf}+ ?k}ofsf] /fli6«o cfosf] Ifo eO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ /fli6«o ;d:of emg emg a9\b} uO/x]sf 5g\ . z'? d} ljrf/ k'of{P/ sfd gug]{ xf] eg] ;/sf/n] pgLx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu c/af}+ ?k}ofsf] Joo ef/ a]xf]g'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . a? o:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;xh ;dfwfg ug{ :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ tL :yfgx¿ x:tfGt/0f u/]/ klg ;d:of ;dfwfg tkm{ nfUg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ls t ;/sf/n] lglZrt If]qdf Jofkf/Ls :yfg tf]Sg' kg]{ x'G5 . olb Tof] klg x'g ;Sb}g eg] xf6 ahf/sf cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;Sg' k5{ . k"j{lt/sf ahf/x¿sf xf6 ahf/af6 klg s]xL o:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ePsf 5g\ . /fhwfgLsf]  v'Nnfd~rnfO{ klg xKtfsf] b'O{lbg of ! lbg xf6 ahf/ nufP/ afFsL % of ^ lbg v'Nnf /fv]/ klg ;/sf/n] ;dfwfg  vf]Hg ;S5 . t/ jif{sf #^% lbg} ;/sf/sf] hf]836fpdf nfu]/ oL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}gg\ . ca o:tf /fli6«o ljifox?df ;a} kf6L{x?n] ;dfg wf/0ff agfP/ kf] n}hfg] xf] ls <

Ricefish

cfTdlge{/ / cfo cfh{gsf nflu /fO;lkm;

hLjg zdf{

g]kfndf a]/f]huf/ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] ;+Vof TolQa]nf;Dd/lx/xg]5 5 hlt a]nf;Dd :jb]zdf ;fgf] nufgLaf6 eP klg cfTdlge{/, /f]huf/L / cfo cfh{gsf nflu s]lx ul/b}g . hj;Dd ;f]rdf kl/jt{g cfpb}g tj;Dd of] ;d:of h:tfsf] t:t} /lx/xg]5 . olb j]/f]huf/ JolQm, j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] JolQm / ;/sf/ ldn]/ ;fg} nufgLaf6 klg oxfF cfo cfh{g / cfTdlge{/ aGg ;lsg] cj:yf gePsf] xf]Og . t/ xfd|f /fhg}lts kf6L{sf g]tfx?n] ho / ljho tyf lhGbfafb / d'bf{afbsf gf/f p/fNg nfpb} cfˆgf] kl5 kl5 hgftfnfO{ lx8fpg 5f]8\g'k5{ clg xfdL g]kfnL hgtfn] klg ;:tf To:tf gf/faf6 k|jflxt x'g 5f8]/ s]xL ug]{ ;f]r /fVg'k5{ . g]kfn Pp6f o:tf] b]z xf] hxfF jiff}{;Ddsf nflu g]kfnL hgtfn] cfTdlge{/ afFRg TolQsl7g x'g] 5}g . oxfF ko{6g, s[lif / ljB'tdf dfq nufgL u/]/ ljsf; ug]{ xf] eg] g]kfnL hgtfn] j]/f]huf/ / cfly{s cefjn] ylng' kb}{g . To; dWo] klg s[lif If]qsf] Pp6f e/ kbf]{ dfWod xf] /fO; lkm; h;af6 xfdL $) k|ltzt g]kfnL hgtf cfTdlge{/ eP/ afFRg ;S5f}+ .

s] xf] /fO; lkm; <

/fO; lkm; Pp6f Plss[t s[lif k|0ffnL sf] Pp6f :j?k xf] . hf] O08f]g]l;of, rLg tyf hfkfgaf6 cfPsf] Pp6f cjwf/0ff;lxtsf] ;kmn Joj;fo xf] . wfgjfnL ;Fu} bf]xf]/f] kmfObfsf nflu df5f;d]tnfO{ Pp6} 7fpFaf6 bf]xf]/f] cfDbfgLsf nflu ul/g] ;/n s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ /fO; lkm; elgG5 . cyf{t ;Dd k/]sf] wfgjf/Ldf ls;fgx?sf] >d Go"lgs/0f ub}{ a9L eGbf a9L kmfObfsf nflu ;f]xL :yfgdf df5f klg nufOG5 . o;/L nufOPsf df5fx? Wfg;Fu} laqmLsf nflu tof/ x'G5g\ . The ricefishes are a family (Adrianichthyidae) of small ray-finned fish that are found in fresh and brackish waters from India to Japan and out into the Indo-Australian Archipelago, most notably Sulawesi. The common name of the group derives from the fact that many species are found in Japanese rice paddies.^[1] About 27 species, some extremely rare and endangered, and some 2-4 may already be extinct.

Wffg /f]k]sf] @ xKtf kl5 df5fsf e'/fx? Wfg v]tdf nufOG5 o;/L df5f 5f]8L;s] kl5 ls;fgx?n] wfg uf]l8/xg' kb}{g . lsgeg] sdgsfk{ gfds df5fn] df6f] vf]tNg] ePsf] x'Fbf p;}n] uf]8\5 . o;/L df5fn] g} wfg uf]l8lbg] x'gfn] df5fsf] uf]8fO{ dfG5] cfkm}n] uf]8]sf] eGbf a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . wfgjf/Ldf df5f nufP kl5 ls;fgn] wfg uf]8\g] emGem6 af6 cfkm"nfO{ d'Qm /fV5 eg] cfDbfgLdf klg !% b]lv @) k|ltzt wfgsf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'G5 . otf p;sf df5fsf] cfDbfgL t 5Fb}5 . df5fsf nflu rf/f] xfln/fVg klg h?/L x'Fb}g . o;/L nufOPsf df5fx? K|lt /f]kgL wfgv]tdf #) b]lv $) s]hL;Dd df5f pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . h;n] ubf{ ls;fgx?sf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t t dha't x'G5 g} otf /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf klg ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]Nb5 .

g]kfndf /fO; lkm;sf] ;Defjgf

g]kfndf # nfv (* xhf/ x]S6/ hldgdf l;rfOsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] wfg v]t /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] v]tjf/LdWo] xfn s/Lj =)! k|ltzt dfq} cyf{t !)) x]S6/ hldgdf dfq} /fO;lkm; ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . afFsL #nfv (& xhf/ ()) x]S6/ hldg TolQ s} v]/ uO/x]sf] 5 . olb l;+lrt If]qsf] %) k|ltzt efudf dfq} /fO; lkm; ug]{ xf] eg] #% b]lv  $) k|ltzt df5f / wfg b]zsf] dfunfO{ k"lt{ u/]/ ljb]zdf laqmL ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn b]zsf] s/Lj *) k|ltzt df5fsf] dfusf] cfk"lt{ :jb]zaf6} eO/x]sf] eP klg afFsL @) k|ltzt dfu k"lt{ ug{sf nflu ef/tLo ahf/ hfg'kg]{ jfWotf 5 . ptf pTYkflbt wfgaf6 klg b]z lge{/ x'g;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .

g]kfndf /fO; lkm;sf] cjwf/0ff @)@*÷@( ;fnb]lv g} cfPsf] xf] . t/ $ bzs ljlt;Sbf klg o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ;f]r/fv]/ cl3 a9fpg ;ls/x]sf] cj:yf5}g . @)$^ ;fn;Dd b]zsf] Joj:yfsf] sf/0f klg b]zn] ljsf; ug{ ;s]g, @)$^ b]lv )%!;fn;Dd;:tf /fhg}lts efif0f afhLn] b]zdf s]xL x'g ;s]g . )%!b]lv )^@;Dd b]zdf ePsf] o'4n] s[lif If]qnfO{ 7"n} c;/ kf¥of] . )^# b]v xfn;Dd cfˆgf cfˆgf :jfy{sf 8Dk"m ahfpb} b]zsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;do 3s]{/ uof] . To;} s[lif ;DefjgfnfO{ ulxl/P/ ;fg]lrlbg] sf]xL ePg . To;n] ubf{ of] Joj;fo klg lbgsf lbg w/f;foL aGb} uof] . Pstfsf #)) x]S6/ ;Dd /fO; lkm; nufOPtf klg xfn cfP/ !)) x]S6/df l;ldt ePsf] 5. t/ cem} klg ;do 3ls{;s]sf] 5}g . ;Defjgf lhpFb} 5 ug{ ;s] b]z / hgtfn] cfly{s pGgltsf nflu cflQxfNg' kg]{ cj:yf rfFxL 5}g .

jf}l4s JolQmTjx?sf nflu klg dT:o kfng

rLg, hfkfg, O08f]g]l;of, lkmlnlkG; h:tf b]zx?n] jif]{gL /fO; lkm; / dT:o kfng Joj;foaf6 c/jf}+ 8n/ cfDbfgL u5{g\ . To;df klg rLgn] t ;fO; lkm;sf] dfWodaf6 olt w]/} cfDbfgL u5{ h'g xfd|f nflu syf dfq x'G5 . rLgsf] pGglt ljZj d}+ p2fx/0fLo 5 . leotgfd s} s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] klg ToxfF hDdf &))) x]S6/ 7fpFdf df5f kflnG5 . pgLx?n] Tof] &))) x]S6/ If]qaf6 pTkfbg u/]sf] df5faf6 b]zsf] df5fsf] dfunfO{ k"lt{ u/]/ billions dollaors sf] export u5{g\ . ToxfF k|lt /f]kgL !) d]l6«s 6g df5f pTkfbg x'G5 . hDdf ( dlxgfsf] ;dodf !) d]l6«s 6g pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] l;jZjsf] Pp6fdfq Joj;fo df5f xf] . xfdLn] k|lt /f]kgLsf] @)) sf b/ lx;fj ubf{ klg @) nfv cfDbfgL Ps /f]kgL hldgaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . kfgL df5fn] vfP/ l;Wofpg] rLh xf]Og ToxL 7fpFsf] kfgL k|of]u u/]/ l;+rfO{ hn ljB't nufotsf If]qdf pgLx?n] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf #nfv (* xhf/ x]S6/ l;+lrt hldg  -wfg v]tLsf] l;+lrt hldg dfq_ 5 . !%&)) x]S6/ 3f]n If]q 5 , &* xhf/ x]S6/  hnfzo 5, # nfv &% xhf/ x]S6/ gbL If]q 5, xhf/f}+ x]S6/ hldg t gx/, s'nf] cflbn] cf]u6]sf] 5 .  oL ;a} If]qdf dT:o kfng ug]{ xf] eg] b]zsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] s/Lj $*.& k|ltzt hgtfnfO{ cfly{s ?kdf cfTd lge{/ agfpg ;lsG5 . xfn hDdf g]kfnsf] s'n hn;|f]tsf] s/Lj @ k|ltzt If]kmndf dfq df5f kfng ub}{ cfP klg b]zsf] s'n df5fsf] dfunfO{ *) k|ltzt k"lt{ ug{ ;kmn 5 eg] s/Lj )=&% k|ltzt hgtfx? Cfly{s ?kn] cfTd lge{/ ePsf 5g\ . dT:o kfng Joj;foaf6 dfq} oxfFsf] s'n cy{tGqsf] s/La #@ k|ltzt Jojef/ Joxfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5 .

dT:o kfng Pp6f c;fWo} ;/n / ;xh Joj;fo xf] . t/ of] clns j}1flgs / jf}l4s tl/sfn] ;~rfng ug{" kg]{ b]lvG5 . b]zsflzlIft hgzlQm / hf] a]/f]huf/ 5g p;sf nflu c;fWo} pkof]uL Joj;fo xf] . sd >d / a9L >f]qdf sfd ug{ ;lsg] Joj;fo dWo]sf] of] Pp6f pTs[i7 Joj;fo xf] . Ps JolQmn] % ljufxf hldgdf PSn} df5f kfng ug{ ;S5 . p;sf] lbgel/sf] ;dosf] cf}ift % 306f ;do g} % ljufxf hldgsf nflu sfkmL x'G5 . afFsL & 306f p;sf] ;do k'm:{b d}+ ljT5 . o;df s] ;d:of 5}g eg] df5fnfO{ @÷$lbg rf/f] gxfNbf klg lalu|xfNg] cj:yf cfpb}g . lsgeg] df5f kfgL s]xL vf]h]/ vfP/ afFRg] k|f0fL xf] . o; aLrdf p;n] afFr]sf] ;dodf cGo sfd ug{ ;S5. hDdfkf]v/Lsf] #) k|ltzt e"–efu l8nn] cf]u6\g] x'Fbf p;n] pQm vfnL 7fpFdf s'v'/f, xfF;, t/sf/L v]tL, pv', d]jf, ;'kf/L, s]/f h:tf jfnLx? Klg nufpg ;S5 . Ps JolQmn] s[lif hGo cGo v]tL ug]{ xf] eg] s/Lj #/f]kgL hldg dfq} x]g{ Eofp5 . otf df5f kfng ubf{ &) /f]kgL hldg PSn}n] x]g{ Eofp5 . To;}n] af}l4s JolQmsf nflu klg ;/n / ;xh Joj;fo xf] dT:o kfng .

g]kfndf lsg km:6fPg df5f kfng <

@)@# ;fndf !! j6f dT:o ljsf; lgb]{zgfnosf] :yfkgf eP klg ;f]r] cg'?ksf] ljsf; x'g ;s]g . km:6fcf]; klg s;/L < s[lifdf hDdfs'n ah]6sf] #k|ltzt ah]6 hfG5 . Tof # k|ltzt ah]6sf] !=@k|ltzt jh]6 dfq  dT:o ljsf;sf nflu hfG5 . !=@k|ltzt jh]6n] lgb]{zgfnox? afFRg' afx]s c? s]xL ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . t/ klg *) k|ltzt df5fsf] dfunfO{ ;xh cfk'lt{ ug{ ;Sg' /fd|} s'/f xf] . b]zdf ljleGg NGO tyf INGO x? sfo{/t 5g\ t/ s;}sf] cfFvf $) k|ltzt hgtfnfO{ cfly{s ?kdf cfTdlge{/ agfpg ;lsg] If]q lt/ df]l8Psf] 5}g eg] ;/sf/sf] klg o; If]qdf nufgL w]/} b]lvb}g . ;fFRr} ;f}t]nf] Jojxf/ ul/G5 dT:o ljsf;nfO{ . s[lif dGqfnon] x]g'{ kg]{ ljefu eP klg dT:o ljefunfO{ jftfj/0f dGqfnon] x]b}{ cfPsf] 5 . To;/L klg pef] nfUg ;s]g g]kfndf dT:o kfng Joj;fo . TolQx'Fbf x'Fb} klg dT:o ljsf;n] t/fO{ / kxf8sf ls;fgx?nfO{ kf]v/L lgdf{0fdf %) k|ltzt cg'bfg / df5fsf e'/f lgz''Ns pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

cGTodf

hldg 5}g eg]/ nfv nfv vr]{/ ljb]z hfO xfNg' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g g]kfndf . ljb]z hfg] nfv ?k}ofF k};fn] s/Lj % /f]kgL hldgdf df5fsf e'/f;lxtsf]  kfgLsf] kf]v/L agfpg ;lsG5 . ;/b/ g]kfnL;Fu % /f]kgL hldg 5 . ;f] hldgsf] # /f]kgL hnf;on] cf]u6\5 eg] afFsL @/f]kgLdf cGo jfnL nufP/ klg cfg/fdn] cfly{s pGglt ;lxt cfTd lge{/ aGg ;lsG5 . df5fdf clxn];Dds'g} To:tf] ;d:of cfPsf] 5}g dfq} kfgLdf clS;hgsf] dfqf ldnfpg ;Sg' k5{ . Ps k6ssf] nufgLdf lgld{t kf]v/L nfdf] ;do ;Dd /lx/xg] x'gfn] kl5Nnf jif{sf cfDbfgLx?n] JolQm cfDbfgLdf Hofldlto b/ j[l4 u/fpFb} n}hfG5 .

b]zn] klg To:tf] ;d:of em]Ng' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . xfd|f hnf;ox?nfO{ dfq ef8fdf JolQmnfO{ lbg] xf] / ToxfF df5f kfng ug]{ xf] eg] c/jf}+ 8n/ xfdL klg /fd|/L sdfpg ;S5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ ;f]rdf kl/jt{g cfof] / nugzLn x'g ;Sof}+ eg] ljb]zL ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kl/xfNg] cj:yf 5}g . s[lif, ko{6g / ljB'tdf xfdL hgtf s} k};f Pp6f lglZrt Johb/df lnP/ nufgL ug{ ;S5f}+ h;sf] pTkfbg hgtfdf g} lbP/ cfly{s ?kn] ;jn aGg ;S5f}+ .

k|ltlqmof

;/ of] d]/f] @) cf}+ n]v xf] hgcfJxfgsf nflu

Budget

cfufld ah]6n] ;d]6\g} kg]{ ljifox?

hLjg zdf{

;du| b]zsf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsf g} Pp6f l;+uf] ah]6 xf] . b]zsf cfjZostf / clgjfo{ of]hgfx?sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog To; b]zsf] ah]6df lge{/ /xG5g\ . sxfF s:tf k|sf/sf of]hgfx?sf] cfjZostf 5 To;sf] cWoog u/]/ ltg} of]hgfx?sf] ;kmn sfo{;DkGg ug{ ah]6 agfOg] ul/G5 . cfo / Joosf] n]vfhf]vf ;lxt b]zn] lglZrt sfo{sfnsf nflu ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd ah]6df ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . Many people think of budgeting as something to do when they're short on cash. College students might turn to a budget to figure out how to make due with their high expenses and limited incomes. Wise new grads create budgets to make sure they're properly allocating their first paychecks among emergency savings, retirement savings, student loan repayments, rent and utilities, and rewards for their hard work like new gadgets and nights on the town. Young couples trying to figure out how to afford a wedding, or newlyweds wondering how to fit the expense of buying a house or having a child into their monthly cash flow, are also likely to make budgets. Of course, budgets are commonly associated with people of all ages who are barely able to make ends meet.

s] xf] ah]6 <

ah]6 eg]sf] s'g} klg ;+3;+:yf, sDkgL tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] jflif{s, cw{jflif{s  tyf dfl;s ;dosf nflu agfOg] sfo{tflnsfnfO{ ;du|df ah]6 elgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf ah]6 eg]sf] b]zsf] lglZrt ;dosf nflu agfOPsf] Pp6f of]hgfj4 sfo{qmd xf] . o;n] :yfg, ;do, cj:yf, kl/l:ylt cflbsf] cfn+sg u/]/ jflif{s of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu lglZrt nfut /sd 5'6\ofpg] ub{5 . sxfF s:tf k|sf/sf ljsf; lgdf{0f ug{ h?/L 5g\ ltgLx?sf] n]vf ub}{ Pp6f lb3{sflng of]hgfnfO{ lnOP/ cfp5 / To;}sf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{nfO{ jflif{s ah]6 jf cf+lzs ah]6df ljlQo Jojef/ 5'6\ofOPsf] x'G5 . To;sf cjnf b]zsf b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ Pp6f ljlQo ef/nfO{ 5'6\ofOsf] ;dli6ut of]hgfsf] ?k g} ah]6 xf] . A budget is a financial document used to project future income and expenses. The budgeting process may be carried out by individuals or by companies to estimate whether the person/company can continue to operate with its projected income and expenses. An itemized forecast of an individual's or company's income and expenses expected for some period in the future. With a budget, an individual is able to carefully look at how much money they are taking in during a given period, and figure out the best way to divide it among a variety of categories. When making a personal budget, an individual will typically designate the appropriate amount of money to fixed expenses such as rent, car payments, or utility bills, and then make an educated estimation for how much money they will spend in other categories, such as groceries, clothing, or entertainment. By keeping track of where one's money goes, one may be less likely to overspend, and more likely to meet their financial goals.

x/]s aif{sf] Ps cfly{s jif{sf] ;dflKt;Fu} csf]{ cfly{s aif{sf] nflu ah]6 agfOG] rng x/]s b]zdf 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf rfFxL jif{sf] z'?df geO x/]s cf;f/ d;fGtdf cfly{s jif{ ;dflKt / ;fjg ! ut]b]lv cfly{s jif{sf] z'?jft ul/G5 . of] k/Dk/f g]kfndf w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv /xb} cfPsf] 5 . u0ftGq g]kfn x'Fbf klg o;}n] lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sfs] 5 .  

cWofb]z eGbf ;xdltdf hf]8

olt j]nf g]kfndf s'g} l:y/ ;/sf/ gePsf] cj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lju6g;Fu} b]z Pp6f cGof]nu|:t cj:yfdf 5 . t/ b]zsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ of]hgf cyf{t ah]6 agfpg' kg]{ cj:yf klg cfPsf] 5 . olt a]nf ;/af/nfO{ ah]6 agfpg lgs} ;d:of kg]{ b]lvG5 . x'g t ;/sf/n] cWofb]z dfkm{t ah]6 Nofpg ;Sg] k|fjwfg xf]nf t/ o;f] ubf{ emg b]zdf /fhg}lts åGå a9]/ hfg] b]lvG5 . To;}n] klg /fhg}lts ;xdltsf cfwf/df ah]6 agfpg ;s] jh]6 sfof{Gjogdf ;xhtf cfpg] b]lvG5 . ;a} kf6L{sf lj1 a;]/ ah]6 agfpg ;s] To;sf] Jojxfl/s kIf klg ;kmn x'g] b]lvG5 . olt a]nf b]zdf nueu zflGtk"0f{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . hgtfx?df yk lg/f; gagfpg klg ;xdlto ah]6nfO{ hf]8 lb+bf ;/sf/nfO{ ;lhnf] x'g] b]lvG5 .  kl5Nnf b]zsf] cj:yfn] klg b]vfp5 cjsf hgtfx? S;}sf] kl5 nfUb}gg\ /fhg}lts sf/0fn] jfSs eO;s]sf 5g\ . h:t} ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lju6g u/]sf] ef]lnkN6 cyf{t h]7 !% ut] nfvf}+ hgtf ;8sdf cf]n{g' k¥Yof] Tof] klg ePg . @^ ut] /fhwfgLdf cfsfz} v:5 elgPsf] lyof] Tof] klg ePg . To;}n] hgtfsf nflu ah]6 xf] eg] ;a} kIfsf g]tfx? xf]Og lj1x? a;]/ ah]6 agfpbf b]zdf ;sf/fTds c;/ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

cflz+s xf]Og k"/s ah]6

/fhg}lts ;xdlt;lxtsf] k"/s ah]6af6 dfq b]zsf] ah]6 agfpbf cy{k"0f{ / sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . zfob To;}nfO{ ;kmn ah]6 eGg ldN5 . Pp6f ;/sf/n] agfPsf] ah]6 csf]{ ;/sf/sf kfnfdf klg Tolx ah]6sf] cfwf/df sfo{qmdx? cufl8 a9fpg ;s] ah]6sf] ;kmntf a9\b} hfG5 . emngfy vgfnsf] ;/sf/n] agfPsf] ah]6nfO{ g} o; ;/sf/n] lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] x'Fbf agfOPsf of]hgfx?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lhnf] ePsf] lyof] . cfufld lbgx?df klg o:t} kl/kf6L{ a:b} uP  ck]Iffs[t Pp6f /fd|f] kIfsf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfg]5 . To;}n] jt{dfg ;/sf/n] cf+lzs ah]6 tkm{ nfUg' eGbf k"/s ah]6 g} Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .  

ah]6n] ;d]6\g' kg]{ ljifox?

 ;w}+sf jif{ klg ah]6 cfpYof] . b]lvGYof] ls;fgx?, 8«fOe/x?, dhb'/x? /]l8of] af]s]/ ;'lg/x]sf x'Gy] ;/sf/n] xfd|f] nflu s:tf] ah]6 Nofof] . ;a}sf cfzf ;/sf/ dfly k¥Yof] . ;/sf/n] kSs} o; jif{ t xfd|f nflu klg s]xL u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . hj cy{ dGqLsf] jh]6 efif0f ;'Gb} hfGy] ;Fu;Fu} cffˆgf cfzfx? v'Drfpb} hfGy] hj cy{ dGqLsf] efi0f ;lsGYof] tj ltgLx?sf] d'vaf6 cs:dft Pp6f zAb lg:sGYof]–gfy] ;/sf/ . jf:tjdf lxhf] ;Ddsf ah]6n] g]kfnL hgtfx?nfO{ dg} 5'g] u/]/ s'g} gf}nf] s'/f Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fFRr} eGg] xf] / b'Mv gdfGg] xf] eg] lxhf];Ddsf ah]6x? sd{rf/Lsf] tnj j[l4 / Jofkf/Lsf] nflu ;'ljwfdf lglxt x'Gy] . olb To;f] gx'Fbf] xf] t sd{rf/Lsf] k]g8fpgsf] ;fdgf ;/sf/n] ug'{ k¥Yof] .

&# k|ltzt ls;fgsf nflu ;/sf/n] hDdf ah]6sf] # k|ltzt 5'6\ofYof] . a]/f]huf/, u/La, lgd'vf, dhb'/ nufotsf %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L hgtfsf nflu s'g} klg s'/f ah]6df pNn]v ePsf xb}g lyP . ;/sf/n] tnj a9fof] eg] ;kmn ah]6sf] ?kdf jh]6 bl/GYof] . l;df+s[t If]qx?df, u/LaL e'mk8Lx?df, a]/f]huf/L cfjfhx?df gt ah]6n] af]Ng vf]HYof] gt rfxfGYof] g} . To;}n] h:tf;'s} d} x'F eGg] cy{ljb eg] klg lxhf]sf s'g} klg ah]6 ;kmn ePsf 5}gg\ .  

/fhg}lts kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu sltjko zLif{sx? /fv]/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf x'G5g\ . t/ klg To; kIfdf xfd|f :j3f]lift cy{ljbx? Cfjfh p7fpb}gg\ KjfSs af]N5g\ ah]6 c;fWo} /fd|f] 5 .  ;w}+ e'Q] ah]6 k:s]/ ;/sf/x?n] ljz]if cy{dGqLx?n] hgtfnfO{ wf]sf lbO/x]sf 5g\ To;}n] o; k6s rfFxL ah]6 clns k[ys / ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ .

;w}+sf jif{sf t'ngfdf o; k6s s[lif If]qdf nufgL a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;w}+sf jif{df s[lifnfO{ cGofo u/]/ # k|ltzt dfq ah]6 5'6\ofOP klg o; jif{ s[lif If]qsf] ah]6df @) k|ltzt;Dd k'¥ofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . b]zsf &# k|ltzt hgtfx? S[lif If]qaf6 lge{/ /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /flv ah]6df ef/L j[l4 ug'{ kg]{} b]lvG5 , s[lif ;DalGw gof gof of]hgfx?df klg Wofg lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . s[lifsf] kx'Fr lxdfnL e]u;Dd ePsf]n] ToxfF;Ddsf hgtfx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg x'g] u/]/ ah]6df Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .  lzIff If]qdf ah]6 5'6\ofpFbf s[lif lzIff tyf k|fljlws lzIffnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfdf /fVg'k5{ .  z}lIfs a/f]huf/x?sf nflu cfjZOs Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . h:t} ;l6{lkms6sf] cfwf/df /f]huf/ nf]gsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . h:t} :gftsf]Q/ plQ0f{ ug]{nfO{ sDtLdf % nfv;Dd nf]g, :gfts ug]{nfO{ # nfv;Dd / ±@ ug]{nfO{ @ nfv;Dd / P;Pn;L ug]{nfO{ ! nfv ;Dd /f]huf/d"ns nf]gsf] Joj:y fug{;Sg' k5{ . z}lIfs k|df0fkqsf] cfwf/df k|bfg ug{ ldNg] o:tf C0fx?sf] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] ul/lbg] xf] eg] ljb]zLg] dflg;sf] ;+Vof 36\g] / b]zdf :j/f]huf/sf cj;/x? a9\b} hfg] b]lvG5 .

Cfhsf jif{;Dd klg ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] hldg lwtf] /fv]/ C0f lgsfNg ;Sb}gg\ t/  cGo dflg;x?sf nflu ;/n / ;xh 9+uaf6 C0f lng;Sg] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] ls;fgx?af6 /fHosf] 9's'6Ldf s'g} k|sf/sf] c;/ k/]sf] 5}g t/ ck|f;+lus C0f lng]x?n] a}+s g} 8'jfPsf 5g\ To;}n] ls;fgx?nfO{ s[lifhGo C0fsf] ;xh Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . Knl6ªdf k|ltaGw nufpg'k5{ . ;fy} o;} k6ssf] ah]6 b]lv cfTdk"/s ah]6 Nofpg] s;/t ug'{k5{ .  ljb]zLsf] d'v tfs]/ ah]6 Nofpg x'Fb}g . olb ;/sf/n] ;S5 eg] ljb]zL u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|ltaGw g} nufpg'k5{ . ljleGg dfWodaf6 g]kfn l5g]{ cfOPglhcf]x?sf sf/0f b]zsf u/LaL a:tLdf k;]/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?k/]vfdf gs/fTds c;/ kfb}{ nu]sf 5g\ . To;}n] cGt/fli6«o ;+:yfsf gfddf cfOl;cf/;L afx]s ;a}nfO{ k|ltaGw nufpb} hfg'k5{ .  hj;Dd cfkm}df k"0f{ x'g] k|of; ul/b}g tj;Dd ljb]zLsf] k|efj kl//xG5 .

cGTodf

b]zsf] cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ah]6 lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . lgjf{rg klg olx jif{ ePsf] x'Fbf ah]6sf] cfsf/ s:tf] x'g] xf] Tof] klg ;a} a;]/ ;xdlt u/]/ g} cufl8 a9\bf /fd|f] x'G5 . ;a} klIfo lj1x?sf] ;fwf wf/0ffdf ah]6 agfpg ;s] dfq ah]6sf] ;kmntf hf]Vg ;lsG5 .

ah]6 agfpg' dfq} ;a}yf]s xf]Og ah]6sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t Wofg lbg'k5{ . ut;fnsf] ah]6 slt ;DkGg eof] To;sf] cWoog ul/ nuftf/ ah]6 dfq agfpbf b]zn] ;du|df pGgltsf] :jfb rfVg kfpb}g . plx ;w}=sf jif{df h:t} cfp5g\ hfG5g\ . To;}n] ah]6 agfpbf k"j{ of]hgfx?sf] sfo{k|ultnfO{ klg x]g'{k5{ .