Ricefish

cfTdlge{/ / cfo cfh{gsf nflu /fO;lkm;

hLjg zdf{

g]kfndf a]/f]huf/ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] ;+Vof TolQa]nf;Dd/lx/xg]5 5 hlt a]nf;Dd :jb]zdf ;fgf] nufgLaf6 eP klg cfTdlge{/, /f]huf/L / cfo cfh{gsf nflu s]lx ul/b}g . hj;Dd ;f]rdf kl/jt{g cfpb}g tj;Dd of] ;d:of h:tfsf] t:t} /lx/xg]5 . olb j]/f]huf/ JolQm, j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] JolQm / ;/sf/ ldn]/ ;fg} nufgLaf6 klg oxfF cfo cfh{g / cfTdlge{/ aGg ;lsg] cj:yf gePsf] xf]Og . t/ xfd|f /fhg}lts kf6L{sf g]tfx?n] ho / ljho tyf lhGbfafb / d'bf{afbsf gf/f p/fNg nfpb} cfˆgf] kl5 kl5 hgftfnfO{ lx8fpg 5f]8\g'k5{ clg xfdL g]kfnL hgtfn] klg ;:tf To:tf gf/faf6 k|jflxt x'g 5f8]/ s]xL ug]{ ;f]r /fVg'k5{ . g]kfn Pp6f o:tf] b]z xf] hxfF jiff}{;Ddsf nflu g]kfnL hgtfn] cfTdlge{/ afFRg TolQsl7g x'g] 5}g . oxfF ko{6g, s[lif / ljB'tdf dfq nufgL u/]/ ljsf; ug]{ xf] eg] g]kfnL hgtfn] j]/f]huf/ / cfly{s cefjn] ylng' kb}{g . To; dWo] klg s[lif If]qsf] Pp6f e/ kbf]{ dfWod xf] /fO; lkm; h;af6 xfdL $) k|ltzt g]kfnL hgtf cfTdlge{/ eP/ afFRg ;S5f}+ .

s] xf] /fO; lkm; <

/fO; lkm; Pp6f Plss[t s[lif k|0ffnL sf] Pp6f :j?k xf] . hf] O08f]g]l;of, rLg tyf hfkfgaf6 cfPsf] Pp6f cjwf/0ff;lxtsf] ;kmn Joj;fo xf] . wfgjfnL ;Fu} bf]xf]/f] kmfObfsf nflu df5f;d]tnfO{ Pp6} 7fpFaf6 bf]xf]/f] cfDbfgLsf nflu ul/g] ;/n s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ /fO; lkm; elgG5 . cyf{t ;Dd k/]sf] wfgjf/Ldf ls;fgx?sf] >d Go"lgs/0f ub}{ a9L eGbf a9L kmfObfsf nflu ;f]xL :yfgdf df5f klg nufOG5 . o;/L nufOPsf df5fx? Wfg;Fu} laqmLsf nflu tof/ x'G5g\ . The ricefishes are a family (Adrianichthyidae) of small ray-finned fish that are found in fresh and brackish waters from India to Japan and out into the Indo-Australian Archipelago, most notably Sulawesi. The common name of the group derives from the fact that many species are found in Japanese rice paddies.^[1] About 27 species, some extremely rare and endangered, and some 2-4 may already be extinct.

Wffg /f]k]sf] @ xKtf kl5 df5fsf e'/fx? Wfg v]tdf nufOG5 o;/L df5f 5f]8L;s] kl5 ls;fgx?n] wfg uf]l8/xg' kb}{g . lsgeg] sdgsfk{ gfds df5fn] df6f] vf]tNg] ePsf] x'Fbf p;}n] uf]8\5 . o;/L df5fn] g} wfg uf]l8lbg] x'gfn] df5fsf] uf]8fO{ dfG5] cfkm}n] uf]8]sf] eGbf a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . wfgjf/Ldf df5f nufP kl5 ls;fgn] wfg uf]8\g] emGem6 af6 cfkm"nfO{ d'Qm /fV5 eg] cfDbfgLdf klg !% b]lv @) k|ltzt wfgsf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'G5 . otf p;sf df5fsf] cfDbfgL t 5Fb}5 . df5fsf nflu rf/f] xfln/fVg klg h?/L x'Fb}g . o;/L nufOPsf df5fx? K|lt /f]kgL wfgv]tdf #) b]lv $) s]hL;Dd df5f pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . h;n] ubf{ ls;fgx?sf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t t dha't x'G5 g} otf /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf klg ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]Nb5 .

g]kfndf /fO; lkm;sf] ;Defjgf

g]kfndf # nfv (* xhf/ x]S6/ hldgdf l;rfOsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] wfg v]t /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] v]tjf/LdWo] xfn s/Lj =)! k|ltzt dfq} cyf{t !)) x]S6/ hldgdf dfq} /fO;lkm; ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . afFsL #nfv (& xhf/ ()) x]S6/ hldg TolQ s} v]/ uO/x]sf] 5 . olb l;+lrt If]qsf] %) k|ltzt efudf dfq} /fO; lkm; ug]{ xf] eg] #% b]lv  $) k|ltzt df5f / wfg b]zsf] dfunfO{ k"lt{ u/]/ ljb]zdf laqmL ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn b]zsf] s/Lj *) k|ltzt df5fsf] dfusf] cfk"lt{ :jb]zaf6} eO/x]sf] eP klg afFsL @) k|ltzt dfu k"lt{ ug{sf nflu ef/tLo ahf/ hfg'kg]{ jfWotf 5 . ptf pTYkflbt wfgaf6 klg b]z lge{/ x'g;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .

g]kfndf /fO; lkm;sf] cjwf/0ff @)@*÷@( ;fnb]lv g} cfPsf] xf] . t/ $ bzs ljlt;Sbf klg o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ;f]r/fv]/ cl3 a9fpg ;ls/x]sf] cj:yf5}g . @)$^ ;fn;Dd b]zsf] Joj:yfsf] sf/0f klg b]zn] ljsf; ug{ ;s]g, @)$^ b]lv )%!;fn;Dd;:tf /fhg}lts efif0f afhLn] b]zdf s]xL x'g ;s]g . )%!b]lv )^@;Dd b]zdf ePsf] o'4n] s[lif If]qnfO{ 7"n} c;/ kf¥of] . )^# b]v xfn;Dd cfˆgf cfˆgf :jfy{sf 8Dk"m ahfpb} b]zsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;do 3s]{/ uof] . To;} s[lif ;DefjgfnfO{ ulxl/P/ ;fg]lrlbg] sf]xL ePg . To;n] ubf{ of] Joj;fo klg lbgsf lbg w/f;foL aGb} uof] . Pstfsf #)) x]S6/ ;Dd /fO; lkm; nufOPtf klg xfn cfP/ !)) x]S6/df l;ldt ePsf] 5. t/ cem} klg ;do 3ls{;s]sf] 5}g . ;Defjgf lhpFb} 5 ug{ ;s] b]z / hgtfn] cfly{s pGgltsf nflu cflQxfNg' kg]{ cj:yf rfFxL 5}g .

jf}l4s JolQmTjx?sf nflu klg dT:o kfng

rLg, hfkfg, O08f]g]l;of, lkmlnlkG; h:tf b]zx?n] jif]{gL /fO; lkm; / dT:o kfng Joj;foaf6 c/jf}+ 8n/ cfDbfgL u5{g\ . To;df klg rLgn] t ;fO; lkm;sf] dfWodaf6 olt w]/} cfDbfgL u5{ h'g xfd|f nflu syf dfq x'G5 . rLgsf] pGglt ljZj d}+ p2fx/0fLo 5 . leotgfd s} s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] klg ToxfF hDdf &))) x]S6/ 7fpFdf df5f kflnG5 . pgLx?n] Tof] &))) x]S6/ If]qaf6 pTkfbg u/]sf] df5faf6 b]zsf] df5fsf] dfunfO{ k"lt{ u/]/ billions dollaors sf] export u5{g\ . ToxfF k|lt /f]kgL !) d]l6«s 6g df5f pTkfbg x'G5 . hDdf ( dlxgfsf] ;dodf !) d]l6«s 6g pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] l;jZjsf] Pp6fdfq Joj;fo df5f xf] . xfdLn] k|lt /f]kgLsf] @)) sf b/ lx;fj ubf{ klg @) nfv cfDbfgL Ps /f]kgL hldgaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . kfgL df5fn] vfP/ l;Wofpg] rLh xf]Og ToxL 7fpFsf] kfgL k|of]u u/]/ l;+rfO{ hn ljB't nufotsf If]qdf pgLx?n] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf #nfv (* xhf/ x]S6/ l;+lrt hldg  -wfg v]tLsf] l;+lrt hldg dfq_ 5 . !%&)) x]S6/ 3f]n If]q 5 , &* xhf/ x]S6/  hnfzo 5, # nfv &% xhf/ x]S6/ gbL If]q 5, xhf/f}+ x]S6/ hldg t gx/, s'nf] cflbn] cf]u6]sf] 5 .  oL ;a} If]qdf dT:o kfng ug]{ xf] eg] b]zsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] s/Lj $*.& k|ltzt hgtfnfO{ cfly{s ?kdf cfTd lge{/ agfpg ;lsG5 . xfn hDdf g]kfnsf] s'n hn;|f]tsf] s/Lj @ k|ltzt If]kmndf dfq df5f kfng ub}{ cfP klg b]zsf] s'n df5fsf] dfunfO{ *) k|ltzt k"lt{ ug{ ;kmn 5 eg] s/Lj )=&% k|ltzt hgtfx? Cfly{s ?kn] cfTd lge{/ ePsf 5g\ . dT:o kfng Joj;foaf6 dfq} oxfFsf] s'n cy{tGqsf] s/La #@ k|ltzt Jojef/ Joxfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5 .

dT:o kfng Pp6f c;fWo} ;/n / ;xh Joj;fo xf] . t/ of] clns j}1flgs / jf}l4s tl/sfn] ;~rfng ug{" kg]{ b]lvG5 . b]zsflzlIft hgzlQm / hf] a]/f]huf/ 5g p;sf nflu c;fWo} pkof]uL Joj;fo xf] . sd >d / a9L >f]qdf sfd ug{ ;lsg] Joj;fo dWo]sf] of] Pp6f pTs[i7 Joj;fo xf] . Ps JolQmn] % ljufxf hldgdf PSn} df5f kfng ug{ ;S5 . p;sf] lbgel/sf] ;dosf] cf}ift % 306f ;do g} % ljufxf hldgsf nflu sfkmL x'G5 . afFsL & 306f p;sf] ;do k'm:{b d}+ ljT5 . o;df s] ;d:of 5}g eg] df5fnfO{ @÷$lbg rf/f] gxfNbf klg lalu|xfNg] cj:yf cfpb}g . lsgeg] df5f kfgL s]xL vf]h]/ vfP/ afFRg] k|f0fL xf] . o; aLrdf p;n] afFr]sf] ;dodf cGo sfd ug{ ;S5. hDdfkf]v/Lsf] #) k|ltzt e"–efu l8nn] cf]u6\g] x'Fbf p;n] pQm vfnL 7fpFdf s'v'/f, xfF;, t/sf/L v]tL, pv', d]jf, ;'kf/L, s]/f h:tf jfnLx? Klg nufpg ;S5 . Ps JolQmn] s[lif hGo cGo v]tL ug]{ xf] eg] s/Lj #/f]kgL hldg dfq} x]g{ Eofp5 . otf df5f kfng ubf{ &) /f]kgL hldg PSn}n] x]g{ Eofp5 . To;}n] af}l4s JolQmsf nflu klg ;/n / ;xh Joj;fo xf] dT:o kfng .

g]kfndf lsg km:6fPg df5f kfng <

@)@# ;fndf !! j6f dT:o ljsf; lgb]{zgfnosf] :yfkgf eP klg ;f]r] cg'?ksf] ljsf; x'g ;s]g . km:6fcf]; klg s;/L < s[lifdf hDdfs'n ah]6sf] #k|ltzt ah]6 hfG5 . Tof # k|ltzt ah]6sf] !=@k|ltzt jh]6 dfq  dT:o ljsf;sf nflu hfG5 . !=@k|ltzt jh]6n] lgb]{zgfnox? afFRg' afx]s c? s]xL ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . t/ klg *) k|ltzt df5fsf] dfunfO{ ;xh cfk'lt{ ug{ ;Sg' /fd|} s'/f xf] . b]zdf ljleGg NGO tyf INGO x? sfo{/t 5g\ t/ s;}sf] cfFvf $) k|ltzt hgtfnfO{ cfly{s ?kdf cfTdlge{/ agfpg ;lsg] If]q lt/ df]l8Psf] 5}g eg] ;/sf/sf] klg o; If]qdf nufgL w]/} b]lvb}g . ;fFRr} ;f}t]nf] Jojxf/ ul/G5 dT:o ljsf;nfO{ . s[lif dGqfnon] x]g'{ kg]{ ljefu eP klg dT:o ljefunfO{ jftfj/0f dGqfnon] x]b}{ cfPsf] 5 . To;/L klg pef] nfUg ;s]g g]kfndf dT:o kfng Joj;fo . TolQx'Fbf x'Fb} klg dT:o ljsf;n] t/fO{ / kxf8sf ls;fgx?nfO{ kf]v/L lgdf{0fdf %) k|ltzt cg'bfg / df5fsf e'/f lgz''Ns pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

cGTodf

hldg 5}g eg]/ nfv nfv vr]{/ ljb]z hfO xfNg' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g g]kfndf . ljb]z hfg] nfv ?k}ofF k};fn] s/Lj % /f]kgL hldgdf df5fsf e'/f;lxtsf]  kfgLsf] kf]v/L agfpg ;lsG5 . ;/b/ g]kfnL;Fu % /f]kgL hldg 5 . ;f] hldgsf] # /f]kgL hnf;on] cf]u6\5 eg] afFsL @/f]kgLdf cGo jfnL nufP/ klg cfg/fdn] cfly{s pGglt ;lxt cfTd lge{/ aGg ;lsG5 . df5fdf clxn];Dds'g} To:tf] ;d:of cfPsf] 5}g dfq} kfgLdf clS;hgsf] dfqf ldnfpg ;Sg' k5{ . Ps k6ssf] nufgLdf lgld{t kf]v/L nfdf] ;do ;Dd /lx/xg] x'gfn] kl5Nnf jif{sf cfDbfgLx?n] JolQm cfDbfgLdf Hofldlto b/ j[l4 u/fpFb} n}hfG5 .

b]zn] klg To:tf] ;d:of em]Ng' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . xfd|f hnf;ox?nfO{ dfq ef8fdf JolQmnfO{ lbg] xf] / ToxfF df5f kfng ug]{ xf] eg] c/jf}+ 8n/ xfdL klg /fd|/L sdfpg ;S5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ ;f]rdf kl/jt{g cfof] / nugzLn x'g ;Sof}+ eg] ljb]zL ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kl/xfNg] cj:yf 5}g . s[lif, ko{6g / ljB'tdf xfdL hgtf s} k};f Pp6f lglZrt Johb/df lnP/ nufgL ug{ ;S5f}+ h;sf] pTkfbg hgtfdf g} lbP/ cfly{s ?kn] ;jn aGg ;S5f}+ .

k|ltlqmof

;/ of] d]/f] @) cf}+ n]v xf] hgcfJxfgsf nflu

Budget

cfufld ah]6n] ;d]6\g} kg]{ ljifox?

hLjg zdf{

;du| b]zsf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsf g} Pp6f l;+uf] ah]6 xf] . b]zsf cfjZostf / clgjfo{ of]hgfx?sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog To; b]zsf] ah]6df lge{/ /xG5g\ . sxfF s:tf k|sf/sf of]hgfx?sf] cfjZostf 5 To;sf] cWoog u/]/ ltg} of]hgfx?sf] ;kmn sfo{;DkGg ug{ ah]6 agfOg] ul/G5 . cfo / Joosf] n]vfhf]vf ;lxt b]zn] lglZrt sfo{sfnsf nflu ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd ah]6df ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . Many people think of budgeting as something to do when they're short on cash. College students might turn to a budget to figure out how to make due with their high expenses and limited incomes. Wise new grads create budgets to make sure they're properly allocating their first paychecks among emergency savings, retirement savings, student loan repayments, rent and utilities, and rewards for their hard work like new gadgets and nights on the town. Young couples trying to figure out how to afford a wedding, or newlyweds wondering how to fit the expense of buying a house or having a child into their monthly cash flow, are also likely to make budgets. Of course, budgets are commonly associated with people of all ages who are barely able to make ends meet.

s] xf] ah]6 <

ah]6 eg]sf] s'g} klg ;+3;+:yf, sDkgL tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] jflif{s, cw{jflif{s  tyf dfl;s ;dosf nflu agfOg] sfo{tflnsfnfO{ ;du|df ah]6 elgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf ah]6 eg]sf] b]zsf] lglZrt ;dosf nflu agfOPsf] Pp6f of]hgfj4 sfo{qmd xf] . o;n] :yfg, ;do, cj:yf, kl/l:ylt cflbsf] cfn+sg u/]/ jflif{s of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu lglZrt nfut /sd 5'6\ofpg] ub{5 . sxfF s:tf k|sf/sf ljsf; lgdf{0f ug{ h?/L 5g\ ltgLx?sf] n]vf ub}{ Pp6f lb3{sflng of]hgfnfO{ lnOP/ cfp5 / To;}sf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{nfO{ jflif{s ah]6 jf cf+lzs ah]6df ljlQo Jojef/ 5'6\ofOPsf] x'G5 . To;sf cjnf b]zsf b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ Pp6f ljlQo ef/nfO{ 5'6\ofOsf] ;dli6ut of]hgfsf] ?k g} ah]6 xf] . A budget is a financial document used to project future income and expenses. The budgeting process may be carried out by individuals or by companies to estimate whether the person/company can continue to operate with its projected income and expenses. An itemized forecast of an individual's or company's income and expenses expected for some period in the future. With a budget, an individual is able to carefully look at how much money they are taking in during a given period, and figure out the best way to divide it among a variety of categories. When making a personal budget, an individual will typically designate the appropriate amount of money to fixed expenses such as rent, car payments, or utility bills, and then make an educated estimation for how much money they will spend in other categories, such as groceries, clothing, or entertainment. By keeping track of where one's money goes, one may be less likely to overspend, and more likely to meet their financial goals.

x/]s aif{sf] Ps cfly{s jif{sf] ;dflKt;Fu} csf]{ cfly{s aif{sf] nflu ah]6 agfOG] rng x/]s b]zdf 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf rfFxL jif{sf] z'?df geO x/]s cf;f/ d;fGtdf cfly{s jif{ ;dflKt / ;fjg ! ut]b]lv cfly{s jif{sf] z'?jft ul/G5 . of] k/Dk/f g]kfndf w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv /xb} cfPsf] 5 . u0ftGq g]kfn x'Fbf klg o;}n] lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sfs] 5 .  

cWofb]z eGbf ;xdltdf hf]8

olt j]nf g]kfndf s'g} l:y/ ;/sf/ gePsf] cj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lju6g;Fu} b]z Pp6f cGof]nu|:t cj:yfdf 5 . t/ b]zsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ of]hgf cyf{t ah]6 agfpg' kg]{ cj:yf klg cfPsf] 5 . olt a]nf ;/af/nfO{ ah]6 agfpg lgs} ;d:of kg]{ b]lvG5 . x'g t ;/sf/n] cWofb]z dfkm{t ah]6 Nofpg ;Sg] k|fjwfg xf]nf t/ o;f] ubf{ emg b]zdf /fhg}lts åGå a9]/ hfg] b]lvG5 . To;}n] klg /fhg}lts ;xdltsf cfwf/df ah]6 agfpg ;s] jh]6 sfof{Gjogdf ;xhtf cfpg] b]lvG5 . ;a} kf6L{sf lj1 a;]/ ah]6 agfpg ;s] To;sf] Jojxfl/s kIf klg ;kmn x'g] b]lvG5 . olt a]nf b]zdf nueu zflGtk"0f{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . hgtfx?df yk lg/f; gagfpg klg ;xdlto ah]6nfO{ hf]8 lb+bf ;/sf/nfO{ ;lhnf] x'g] b]lvG5 .  kl5Nnf b]zsf] cj:yfn] klg b]vfp5 cjsf hgtfx? S;}sf] kl5 nfUb}gg\ /fhg}lts sf/0fn] jfSs eO;s]sf 5g\ . h:t} ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lju6g u/]sf] ef]lnkN6 cyf{t h]7 !% ut] nfvf}+ hgtf ;8sdf cf]n{g' k¥Yof] Tof] klg ePg . @^ ut] /fhwfgLdf cfsfz} v:5 elgPsf] lyof] Tof] klg ePg . To;}n] hgtfsf nflu ah]6 xf] eg] ;a} kIfsf g]tfx? xf]Og lj1x? a;]/ ah]6 agfpbf b]zdf ;sf/fTds c;/ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

cflz+s xf]Og k"/s ah]6

/fhg}lts ;xdlt;lxtsf] k"/s ah]6af6 dfq b]zsf] ah]6 agfpbf cy{k"0f{ / sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . zfob To;}nfO{ ;kmn ah]6 eGg ldN5 . Pp6f ;/sf/n] agfPsf] ah]6 csf]{ ;/sf/sf kfnfdf klg Tolx ah]6sf] cfwf/df sfo{qmdx? cufl8 a9fpg ;s] ah]6sf] ;kmntf a9\b} hfG5 . emngfy vgfnsf] ;/sf/n] agfPsf] ah]6nfO{ g} o; ;/sf/n] lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] x'Fbf agfOPsf of]hgfx?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lhnf] ePsf] lyof] . cfufld lbgx?df klg o:t} kl/kf6L{ a:b} uP  ck]Iffs[t Pp6f /fd|f] kIfsf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfg]5 . To;}n] jt{dfg ;/sf/n] cf+lzs ah]6 tkm{ nfUg' eGbf k"/s ah]6 g} Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .  

ah]6n] ;d]6\g' kg]{ ljifox?

 ;w}+sf jif{ klg ah]6 cfpYof] . b]lvGYof] ls;fgx?, 8«fOe/x?, dhb'/x? /]l8of] af]s]/ ;'lg/x]sf x'Gy] ;/sf/n] xfd|f] nflu s:tf] ah]6 Nofof] . ;a}sf cfzf ;/sf/ dfly k¥Yof] . ;/sf/n] kSs} o; jif{ t xfd|f nflu klg s]xL u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . hj cy{ dGqLsf] jh]6 efif0f ;'Gb} hfGy] ;Fu;Fu} cffˆgf cfzfx? v'Drfpb} hfGy] hj cy{ dGqLsf] efi0f ;lsGYof] tj ltgLx?sf] d'vaf6 cs:dft Pp6f zAb lg:sGYof]–gfy] ;/sf/ . jf:tjdf lxhf] ;Ddsf ah]6n] g]kfnL hgtfx?nfO{ dg} 5'g] u/]/ s'g} gf}nf] s'/f Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fFRr} eGg] xf] / b'Mv gdfGg] xf] eg] lxhf];Ddsf ah]6x? sd{rf/Lsf] tnj j[l4 / Jofkf/Lsf] nflu ;'ljwfdf lglxt x'Gy] . olb To;f] gx'Fbf] xf] t sd{rf/Lsf] k]g8fpgsf] ;fdgf ;/sf/n] ug'{ k¥Yof] .

&# k|ltzt ls;fgsf nflu ;/sf/n] hDdf ah]6sf] # k|ltzt 5'6\ofYof] . a]/f]huf/, u/La, lgd'vf, dhb'/ nufotsf %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L hgtfsf nflu s'g} klg s'/f ah]6df pNn]v ePsf xb}g lyP . ;/sf/n] tnj a9fof] eg] ;kmn ah]6sf] ?kdf jh]6 bl/GYof] . l;df+s[t If]qx?df, u/LaL e'mk8Lx?df, a]/f]huf/L cfjfhx?df gt ah]6n] af]Ng vf]HYof] gt rfxfGYof] g} . To;}n] h:tf;'s} d} x'F eGg] cy{ljb eg] klg lxhf]sf s'g} klg ah]6 ;kmn ePsf 5}gg\ .  

/fhg}lts kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu sltjko zLif{sx? /fv]/ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf x'G5g\ . t/ klg To; kIfdf xfd|f :j3f]lift cy{ljbx? Cfjfh p7fpb}gg\ KjfSs af]N5g\ ah]6 c;fWo} /fd|f] 5 .  ;w}+ e'Q] ah]6 k:s]/ ;/sf/x?n] ljz]if cy{dGqLx?n] hgtfnfO{ wf]sf lbO/x]sf 5g\ To;}n] o; k6s rfFxL ah]6 clns k[ys / ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ .

;w}+sf jif{sf t'ngfdf o; k6s s[lif If]qdf nufgL a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;w}+sf jif{df s[lifnfO{ cGofo u/]/ # k|ltzt dfq ah]6 5'6\ofOP klg o; jif{ s[lif If]qsf] ah]6df @) k|ltzt;Dd k'¥ofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . b]zsf &# k|ltzt hgtfx? S[lif If]qaf6 lge{/ /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /flv ah]6df ef/L j[l4 ug'{ kg]{} b]lvG5 , s[lif ;DalGw gof gof of]hgfx?df klg Wofg lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . s[lifsf] kx'Fr lxdfnL e]u;Dd ePsf]n] ToxfF;Ddsf hgtfx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg x'g] u/]/ ah]6df Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .  lzIff If]qdf ah]6 5'6\ofpFbf s[lif lzIff tyf k|fljlws lzIffnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfdf /fVg'k5{ .  z}lIfs a/f]huf/x?sf nflu cfjZOs Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . h:t} ;l6{lkms6sf] cfwf/df /f]huf/ nf]gsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . h:t} :gftsf]Q/ plQ0f{ ug]{nfO{ sDtLdf % nfv;Dd nf]g, :gfts ug]{nfO{ # nfv;Dd / ±@ ug]{nfO{ @ nfv;Dd / P;Pn;L ug]{nfO{ ! nfv ;Dd /f]huf/d"ns nf]gsf] Joj:y fug{;Sg' k5{ . z}lIfs k|df0fkqsf] cfwf/df k|bfg ug{ ldNg] o:tf C0fx?sf] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] ul/lbg] xf] eg] ljb]zLg] dflg;sf] ;+Vof 36\g] / b]zdf :j/f]huf/sf cj;/x? a9\b} hfg] b]lvG5 .

Cfhsf jif{;Dd klg ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] hldg lwtf] /fv]/ C0f lgsfNg ;Sb}gg\ t/  cGo dflg;x?sf nflu ;/n / ;xh 9+uaf6 C0f lng;Sg] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] ls;fgx?af6 /fHosf] 9's'6Ldf s'g} k|sf/sf] c;/ k/]sf] 5}g t/ ck|f;+lus C0f lng]x?n] a}+s g} 8'jfPsf 5g\ To;}n] ls;fgx?nfO{ s[lifhGo C0fsf] ;xh Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . Knl6ªdf k|ltaGw nufpg'k5{ . ;fy} o;} k6ssf] ah]6 b]lv cfTdk"/s ah]6 Nofpg] s;/t ug'{k5{ .  ljb]zLsf] d'v tfs]/ ah]6 Nofpg x'Fb}g . olb ;/sf/n] ;S5 eg] ljb]zL u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|ltaGw g} nufpg'k5{ . ljleGg dfWodaf6 g]kfn l5g]{ cfOPglhcf]x?sf sf/0f b]zsf u/LaL a:tLdf k;]/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?k/]vfdf gs/fTds c;/ kfb}{ nu]sf 5g\ . To;}n] cGt/fli6«o ;+:yfsf gfddf cfOl;cf/;L afx]s ;a}nfO{ k|ltaGw nufpb} hfg'k5{ .  hj;Dd cfkm}df k"0f{ x'g] k|of; ul/b}g tj;Dd ljb]zLsf] k|efj kl//xG5 .

cGTodf

b]zsf] cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ah]6 lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . lgjf{rg klg olx jif{ ePsf] x'Fbf ah]6sf] cfsf/ s:tf] x'g] xf] Tof] klg ;a} a;]/ ;xdlt u/]/ g} cufl8 a9\bf /fd|f] x'G5 . ;a} klIfo lj1x?sf] ;fwf wf/0ffdf ah]6 agfpg ;s] dfq ah]6sf] ;kmntf hf]Vg ;lsG5 .

ah]6 agfpg' dfq} ;a}yf]s xf]Og ah]6sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t Wofg lbg'k5{ . ut;fnsf] ah]6 slt ;DkGg eof] To;sf] cWoog ul/ nuftf/ ah]6 dfq agfpbf b]zn] ;du|df pGgltsf] :jfb rfVg kfpb}g . plx ;w}=sf jif{df h:t} cfp5g\ hfG5g\ . To;}n] ah]6 agfpbf k"j{ of]hgfx?sf] sfo{k|ultnfO{ klg x]g'{k5{ .  

Tourist

cfly{s ljsf;df ko{6ssf] e"ldsf

hLjg zdf{

lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf :jL; gful/s 6f]gL x]ug g]kfn cfP . ljZj k|l;4 JolQmTj x]ugsf] g]kfn e|d0f w]/} If]qdf cy{ af]Sg] gfd xf] . pgsf] g]kfn e|d0fsf] To; a]nfsf] p2]Zo lyof] ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f]df cfˆgf] kfOnf 6]sfpg' . ToxL eP/ pgn] sf7df08f}af6 k"j{tkm{ cyf{t bf]nvf x'Fb} lh/L xflgP . pgL bf]nvf s} lh/L x'Fb} ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/ tkm{ kfOnf a9fP . hj pgn] lh/LnfO{ glhs}af6 lgxfn] / cfˆg} b]zsf] Ho'l/h zx/sf] ef}uf]lns agfj6;Fu lh/LnfO{ t'ngf u/] . lh/L TolQ a]nf ljb]zL ko{6sx?sf nflu af6f]df kg]{ Pp6f ;fdfGo :yfgsf ?kdf kl/lrt x'g nflu/x]sf] lyof] . Jiri valley lies at the distance of 55 Km. east from Charikot and 188 Km. northeast from Kathmandu. Swiss tourists compare this valley with beautiful city of Switzerland, Jurich. The valley has its own importance being the gateway to Mt. Everest. It is from jiri that you start your trek to Those, Cherdung, Thodung. Walking around jiri valley or up to the cherdung cheese factory (1hour distance) will be a welcome exercise for your legs before starting one the long way back from Jiri. Jiri & village nearby is the home of jirel which is not found in other district of Nepal. This fact could be an interesting subject for sociological research & having special interest on it.

6f]gL x]u]g @)!$ df km]l/ bf];|f] k6s g]kfn cfP . @)!# ;fndf g]kfn cfPsf / g]kfnLx?sf] hLjg:t/, g]kfnLx?sf] cj:yf u/LjLnfO{ pgn] cfˆgf] ;u/dfyfsf] e|d0fs} qmddf lh/L pkTosfsf lh/]nx?;Fu a'lem;s]sf lyP . sf]bf]sf] l98f] / l;:gf]sf] t/sf/L skfsk g]kfnLn] vfPsf] / cfk"mnfO{ klg ;f]emL g]kfnLn] clQ ;Tsf/ u/]/ vfgf lbPsf] cWoog kZrft Pp6f lg:sif{df k'lu;s]sf lyP–kSs} g]kfndf s]xL ug}{k5{ . pgn] cfˆgf] cWoog s} qmddf g]kfnsf] Jojxfl/s hLjgdf kz'kfng / v]tLkftLsf] dxTjsf] cxd e"ldsf /x]sf] a'em]sf lyP . pgL ha cfˆgf] b]z kms]{ pgn] pgsf] ;/sf/;Fu g]kfn ;DaGwL Pp6f 7"n} of]hgf k|:t't u/] . TolQ a]nf x]ug To; b]zsf] a}+ssf] r]s :jljj]sn] rnfpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf lyP .  ;/sf/n] pgsf] k|:tfjnfO{ :jLs[lt lbof] . pgL pgsf] dxTjsf+IfL g]kfn ;DaGwL of]hgf lnP/ g]kfn cfP . cfˆgf] of]hgf cg';f/ lh/Ldf pgn] kz' kmfd{ / s[lif kmfd{sf] of]hgf cg';f/ sfd ub}{ uP . To;/L Pp6f ko{6ssf] dxTjsf+IfL of]hgfdf @)!$ ;fndf lh/Ldf kz' ljsf; kmfd{ nufot w]/} cfly{s pGgltsf cj;/;lxtsf] of]hgfx? ;~rfng ePsf lyP . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ :jL; ;/sf/s} ;xof]udf lh/L k|fljlws lzIffnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . h;sf] cf}krfl/s pb\3f6g @)$& ;fndf tTsflng k|wfgdGqL s[i0f k|;fb e§/fO{n] u/]sf lyP . o;/L lh/Ldf :jL;sf] ;xof]u @)%) ;fn;Dd /Xof] . t/ g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts lvrftfgLn] lh/Ldf :jL; ;xof]u s6f}tL eO;s]sf] 5 eg] lh/Laf6 :jL; ;w}+sf nflu labf eP/ uO/x]sf] 5 .

of] n]vdf d}n] n]Vg vf]h]sf] s'/f s] xf] eg] ko{6sLo ljsf;sf] cfwf/df 6]s]/ g]kfnn] cfˆgf] cfly{s If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ pGglt ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgfx? 5g\ . 6f]gL x]u]g t Ps hgf JolQm x'g pgL Pp6f ko{6s ag]/ g]kfn cfP/ g]kfnsf nflu w]/} lbP/ kmls{;s] . olt dfq xf]Og x]ug cj ;+;f/df 5}gg\ klg t/ x]ugn] lh/Ldf lbPsf] Pp6f dxTjsf+IfL of]hgf cfh klg b]Vg ;lsG5 t/ x]ugsf] lj/f;t ;Fu} lh/Lsf] dxTjsf+IfL of]hgfx? Klg nyflnª / etfe'Ë eO;s]sf] 5 . @)$@ ;fndf :jL; ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf sfnf]kq] ul/Psf] lhk n]jnsf] af6f] cfh klg pq} cj:yfdf v'Dr]/ a;]sf] 5 . lh/Lsf] ln+sg ahf/ cfh klg p:t} cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . t/ :jL; ;/sf/n] lh/L h:tf] lhdfxf -bnbn] l;d_ 7fpFnfO{ of]hgfa4 9+un] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . lh/]n a:tLx?df w]/} g} pGglt u/]sf] 5 . lh/]n ;d'bfodf z}lIfs ljsf; 5/]sf] 5 . k|fljlws lzIffsf sf/0f ToxFfsf lh/]nx? k||fljlws lzIffsf nflu bVvn ePsf 5g\ . Psflt/ JolQmut pGgltsf nflu :jL; kf]u|fd a/bfg ;fljt ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ko{6sLo ljsf;sf ;Fu;Fu} cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu lh/Lsf] gfd g]kfndf pRrf/0f ug}{ kg]{ gfddf cfp5 .

;a}eGbf k|z+;f ug'{kg]{ :jL; ;/sf/nfO{ o; ljifodf a9L /xG5 . @)!$ ;fnb]lv @)%) ;fn;Dd lh/Ldf :jL; ;xof]u /x]/ ;of}+ :jL;x? lh/Ldf a;] lh/Ld} v]n] t/ lh/L / lh/]n ;d'bfosf l/ltl/jfh, ;+:s[lt k/Dk/f h:tf g]kfnLsf clQ dxTjk"0f{ uxgfx?nfO{ x:tIf]k u/]gg\ . olx ;d'bfodf glhlsP / olx ;d'bfonfO{ dfof u/]/ kms]{ . cfˆgf rf8 kj{ ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fnfO{ s'Nrb} u/LaLsf] vf]n cf]9]/ :jL;n] g]kfndf wd{ k|rf/sf gfddf cfZjf;g afF8]g . p;sf] ;xof]u lh/Lsf nflu lg:jfy{ ;]jf /Xof] eGg] w]/} cfwf/x? 5f]8]/ :jL; ljbf eof] . x'g t hfFb} ubf{ pgLx?n] g]kfnL /fhgLlt;Fu ljz]if s]lGb|o / :yfgLo /fhgLlt;Fu b'lvb x'Fb}] eg]sf lyP–But we are never back Jiri again . t/ To;f] eGb} ubf{ klg % dlxgf cufl8 6f]gL x]ugs} gfltgLn] lh/L e|d0f u/]sL 5g\ . cem} klg lh/]nx? / lh/Ln] :jL; cfudgsf] cfzf /fv]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08 ko{6gsf] ljsf; g} xf] . lxhf] x]ugn] b]v]sf] lh/L eGbf cfh oyfy{tfdf km/s eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ klg x]ugn] ;f]r] h:tf] 5}g . ToxfF pRr:t/sf] k|fljlws lzIffno /x]sf] 5 . clxn] klg ToxfF w]/} g]kfnLx?n] lzIff lnO/x]sf 5g\ . k|fljlws lzIff;Fu} Pp6f /fd|f] s[lif kmfd{sf sf/0f w]/} g]kfnLn] /f]huf/ kfPsf 5g\ . /fd|f /fd|f hgzlQmx? pTkfbg eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;s/fTds kIf eg]sf] ToxfFaf6 g} s[lif lzIffnfO{} cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . x/]s jif{ @)) hgf g]kfnL u/La ljBfyL{x?n] h]l6P tyf cGo k|fljlws lzIff cfh{g u/]sf 5g\ . ToxfF pTkfbg ePsf hgzlQmx>? cfh b]zd}+  //fg} ;dodf :jL; ;/sf/n] lh/Ldf eg] hlt ljsf; ul/lbPsf] 5 . lh/L;Dd kSsL af6f] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . hglhljsf sf gofF cfwf/x? v8f u/]sf] 5 . :jLh ufO{x? NofP/ kz' ljsf;df pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . x]ugn] g]kfndf o:t} of]hgf lbP .

lh/L ko{6sLo If]qsf ?kdf lbgsf lbg b/b} uPsf] 5 . Toxff /fd|f /fd|f xf]6nx? :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . ahf/ ;kmf 5 . a}+lsË ;]jfx? ;~rfngdf 5g\ . ljb]zL ko{6sx?sf] rxnkxn /fd|};Fu x'G5 .  As the closest roadhead, Jiri is now the trailhead for many treks into the Mount Everest region. The trek to Lukla will take seven or eight days. Few people actually begin a trek from Jiri, as only 5% of all trekkers who attempt the difficult trek to Everest Base Camp start at Jiri. The other 95% choose to fly into the small airstrip at Lukla, thus cutting off a week of difficult but beautiful trekking.

Although the trailhead from Jiri into Sagarmatha National Park is referred to as the "classic route to Everest", the original trailhead actually began at Kathmandu. All early Everest expeditions—including the one led by John Hunt that put Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary on the summit—passed through Jiri. So Jiri is also called the "Gateway to Mt. Everest".

Jiri is the home of an ethnic group called the Jirels.

lh/L ;u/dfyf cfwf/ lzlj/ hfg] af6f]df kg]{ ePsf]n] ToxfF ko{6sx? k|z:t hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . ko{6sx?sf sf/0f ToxfFsf] hglhljsfdf /fd|f] k|efj k/]sf] 5 . ko{6sx?sf sf/0f lh/Lsf dflg;x? ljZj e|d0fdf lg:sg ;kmn eP zfob x]ugn] b]vfPsf] ;kmn af6f]sf] k|efjaf6} bf]nvfsf k'is/ zfx ljZj ;fOsn ofqf lg:s]sf xf]nfg\ . x]u]gn] Pp6f ko{6s eP/ ;du| lh/L If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu h;/L nfu] Tof] ;w}+sf nflu :d/0fLo /xg] 5 .  ljb]zaf6 g]kfn cfpg] o:tf ko{6sx?n] g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . 6f]nL x]ug h:t} ;/ P08d08 lxnf/Lsf] ;f]n'v'Da' ljsf; cleofg, 8r gful/s 6d Eofgsf] sfdL ufpFdf z}lIfs sfo{qmdnfO{ cfh k|z+;f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

t/ ljb]zLx?n] hlt u/] TolQd} ylGsb} hfg yfn]sf 5g\ xfd|f] k"jf{wf/x? . cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/ ljb]zLsf]d'v tfSg] / hgtf ;/sf/sf] d'v tfSg] ePsf 5g\ To;}n] ;fgf ;fgf cfly{s pGgltsf If]qx? klg cfh lh0f{ cj:yfdf 5g\ . ;Defjgf af]s]sf If]qx? cnkq k/]sf 5g\ . cj klg lh/L h:tf dxTjk"0f{ :yfgx?n] 6f]gL x]ug h:tf bftfx?sf] cfzf u/]/ a:g' x'Fb}g . ToxfFaf6 hlt k|fKt eof] To;nfO{ a9fP/ n}hfg] xf] eg] lh/L ;fFRr} Ho'l/r x'g]5 eg] g]kfnL cy{tGqn] klg v'§f 6]Sg ;Sg]5 .